Desenvolvimento, caracterização físico-química e avaliação farmacocinética de nanopartículas auto-organizadas de quitosana / Development, physico-chemical characterization and pharmacokinetic evaluation of self-assembly chitosan nanoparticules

AUTOR(ES)
FONTE

IBICT - Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia

DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2012

RESUMO

Objectives: Nanoparticles (NP) are useful to modulate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs. The aim of this study was to develop innovative self-assembly nanovesicles (NV) constituted of chitosan and lecithin with isopropyl myristate (IPM) as oil core, able to modify the PK plasma profile of clozapine (CZP) and valproic acid (VPA). Methods: The NV were obtained by injecting 4 mL of an ethanolic phase containing Lipoid S45® and IPM into 46 ml of a chitosan aqueous solution followed by Ultraturrax homogenization. The concentrations of chitosan (4 and 8 mg/mL), IPM (10 e 20 mg/mL) and Lipoid S45® (4 and 8 mg/mL) were optimized using a 23 factorial design. The responses evaluated were particle size, zeta potential, pH, viscosity and backscattering (BS) analysis. The optimized formulation (F2) was choosed to encapsulate CZP. The PK in rats was evaluated after i.v. (5 mg/kg, free CZP) and oral (10 mg/kg, free and NV-CZP) administration. A LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for CZP quantification in rat plasma. VPA was also incorporate into the NV in this case replacing IPM by the drug. The NV-VPA physicochemical characterization and plasma PK was evaluated. The groups for PK investigation were: VPA unconscious rat (G1, 4 mg/kg) and conscious rat (G2, 4 mg/kg), VPA-NV (G3, 2 mg/kg), oral 4 mg/kg dosing of VPA (G4) and VPA-NV (G5) and intratracheal (i.t.) 4 mg/kg VPA (G6) and VPA-NV (G7) administration. Noncompartmental and compartmental analyses were performed using Excel® 2003 and Scientist® 2.0, respectively. Results: The particle size ranged 0.348 to 1.5 ¿m. This response was dependent on the proportion of chitosan, IPM, and Lipoid S45® used. The analysis of laser diffractometry showed only one particle size population for all formulations, mainly below 1 ¿m. The zeta potential was strongly positive (+41.3 to +50 mV) and it was influenced by chitosan, mainly. The formulations pH was acid. The viscosity was dependent on chitosan and IPM concentration. The F2 (chitosan 4 mg/mL; IPM 10 mg/mL and Lipoid S45® 8 mg/mL) was choosed to incorporate CZP. The CZP-NV (1 mg/mL) and blank-NV (unloaded) presented mean particle sizes of 181 ± 3 nm and 470 ± 2 nm, respectively, acid pH, positive zeta potentials, PDI below 0.3 and drug content close to 100%. CZP oral bioavailability after encapsulation into NV was 24%, twice the oral value observed for CZP in solution (9%). An increase in half-life was observed for CZP-NV (4.32 ± 1.33 h) in relation to free CZP (2.28 ± 0.68 h), due to the decrease in total clearance (a = 0.05). In the study with VPA, the mean diameter, zeta potential and pH of VPA-NV (5 mg/mL) and blank-NV were 333 ±1.5 nm and 131 ±1 nm; 25.6 ± 0.8 mV and +13.4 ± 1.7 mV; 2.69 ± 0.02 and 2.71 ± 0.08, respectively. The plasma profiles of G1, G2, and G3 declined in a bi-exponential fashion. G5 total clearance and volume of distribution at steady state were significantly decreased in relation to G4 (a = 0.05) and the half-life was not altered. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was significantly higher in the G7 group than G6, and the peak time (tmax) took place earlier after administration of G6. G7 clearance and volume of distribution at steady state were both significantly decreased in the same proportion in relation to G6 (a = 0.05), not altering the halflife. Conclusions: In this work a new nanovesicular system was developed and biologically evaluated. The system showed to be useful to improve VPA and CZP pharmacokinetics. The nanovesicles have potential for application for different biological and technological uses.

ASSUNTO(S)

quitosana oil core self-organized chitosan nanovesicles nanoparticulas clozapine valproic acid farmacocinética pharmacokinetic evaluation clozapina Ácido valpróico

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