DistÃrbios RespiratÃrios do Sono: AvaliaÃÃo das AlteraÃÃes do Sono, Sintomas Depressivos e Co-Morbidades / Respiratory riots of sleep: evaluation of the sleep alterations, depressive symptoms and comorbidity

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2006

RESUMO

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder that has serious repercussions for health and everyday life. Sleep changes, such as insomnia and daytime sleepiness, depressive symptoms, hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux and other comorbidities have been associated with OSA. However, the etiology of these symptoms remains unclear. Particularly, the use of medications and habits such as alcohol consumption, coffee drinking and smoking may influence sleep and other clinical values. Sleep apnea severity, obesity, age, use of alcohol, nicotine and associated comorbid diseases are some of the factors that may be integrated in a complex pattern as determinants of depressive symptoms and EDS in OSA. The aim of this study was to evaluate about depressive symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), comorbidity severity, morning-evening preference and pharmacotherapy in OSA. This was a cross-sectional study of 140 consecutive patients referred for polysomnography with clinical suspicion of OSA syndrome. After full night polyssomnography, they were diagnosed as snorers (N=14;<5/h), mild OSA (N=41; from 5 to 15/h), moderate OSA (N=37; from 15 to 30/h) and severe OSA (N=48; >de 30/h). Clinical data, alcohol consumption, coffee drinking, smoking, pharmacotherapy, polyssomnography data and results from behavior scales evaluated by the Epworth sleepiness scale, Hamilton depressive symptoms scale, Horne Osberg scale of chronotype and the cumulative comorbidity severity index (CCSI) were analyzed. Most cases were of male gender and diagnosed as moderate or severe OSA. OSA severity was directly related to body mass index (BMI) and to age. Daytime sleepiness, depressive symptoms and the chronotype was not different between groups. Excessive daytime sleepiness was found in 40% of cases and was not related to any of the studied variables. Most common medications on use were sedatives and beta-blockers. Patients with depressive symptoms used more sedatives (P=0,003) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (P=0,001). Smoking was more frequent in younger patients and in those with an evening preference (P=0,003). Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was correlated to the use of platelet inhibitors (P=0,02). Minimal oxygen saturation was lower in those on use of beta-blockers (P= 0,04). In general, patients tended to be evening types and cases with depressive symptoms also had an evening preference (P=0,03). Older patients showed greater CCSI (P=0,000), greater AHI (P=0,005), lower oxygen saturation (P=0,001), increased sleep latency (P= 0,003), lower sleep efficiency (P=0,000) and greater amount of periodic leg movements (PLM) (P=0,039). AHI was inversely related to oxygen saturation (P=0,000) and to sleep efficiency (P=0,003) and was directly related to PLM (P=0,003). Depressive symptoms and hypertension were frequent and related to a greater CCSI scores. Alcohol consumption was also related to a greater CCSI. Female gender, BMI, chronotype, and the presence of PLM were associated with depressive symptoms. A trend of association between alcohol consumption (P=0,08), smoking (P= 0,05) and depressive symptoms was observed. In conclusion, depressive symptoms and arterial hypertension were common and influenced the comorbidity severity in these OSA patients. Obesity and EDS were common and in general, patients showed an evening preference. Female gender, greater BMI, evening preference, and periodic leg movements influenced the presence of depressive symptoms and these patients used more used more sedatives and SSRI.

ASSUNTO(S)

cronotipo apnÃia chronotype sono polissonografia sÃndromes da apnÃia do sono transtornos do sono comorbidity farmacia co-morbidades depression depressÃo apnea sleep pharmacotherapy farmacoterapia

ACESSO AO ARTIGO

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