Numerical and experimental thermal analysis of a tunnel kiln used in ceramic production

The available technology for tunnel kilns in Brazil is practically empirical and there is a lack of fundamental studies developed as an aid for the design of new kilns or for the retrofit of old ones. Here, a thermal model of a tunnel kiln is developed allowing the numerical simulation of kilns and dryers aiming toward a more efficient and less energy consuming design. The model is then systematically applied in the design of a new kiln to be used for firing clay tiles, bricks and similar products, with natural gas and sawdust as fuels. The results include the three-dimensional temperature dis...