Fear, anxiety and their disorders: past, present and future neural theories

This paper reviews the historical development of a two-dimensional (direction x distance (?)) neural model of defense. It begins with Miller's (1944) analysis, and model, of approach, avoidance and conflict; adds Hinde's (1966) ethological perspective and Flynn's (1967) neural model of fear; and then considers Gray's (1967, 1970) work linking barbiturate action to the hippocampus, McNaughton's (1977) extension of this to other classes of anxiolytics, and Gray & McNaughton's (1983) detailed behavioral comparison of anxiolytics and hippocampal lesions. This work led to Gray's (1982) detailed mod...

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