Socioeconomic, nutritional and antioxidants profile in young smokers from the city of Viçosa MG / Perfil socioeconômico, nutricional e de antioxidantes de jovens fumantes, do município de Viçosa-MG

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2006

RESUMO

With the objective of comparing the socioeconomic, nutritional and antioxidant profile of young smoking and non smoking subjects, a controlled transversal study was conducted. Smokers and non smokers were selected from educational institutions from the city of Viçosa MG. It was considered as smoker the individual that smoked at least one cigarette daily, for at least 30 days before the beginning of the study, and as non smoker that one that had never smoked and/or did not smoke sporadically. The smokers were categorized, according to the number of cigarettes smoked per day, as mild, when the smoked less than 10 cigarettes a day, and as severe smokers, when they smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day. Questionnaires were applied to evaluate the smoking habit, general health conditions and consumption of alcoholic drinks among the young individuals and their relatives. The degree of nicotinic dependence was evaluated through the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ). To evaluate the level of physical activity the IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) was utilized. Anthropometrical and body composition parameters were analyzed: weight, height, IMC, cutaneous folds, body fat percentage, waist and hip circumference, RCQ, central fat, peripheral fat and relation central/peripheral fat. The alimentary consumption was assessed using the questionnaire of alimentary frequency and alimentary resembling. Blood was collected for the determination and quantification of serum total cholesterol, vitamin C, vitamin E and plasmatic malondialdehydes. The studied population is constituted by two groups, smokers and non smokers, of 34 subjects each, paired according to sex and age. The distribution by gender was: 50% female and 50% male, being the average age 20.53 years old in both groups. Among smokers, the average age for trying a cigarette was 13.38 2.06 years old; the average age for the beginning of the addiction was 15.94 2.36. The average of cigarettes smoked per day was of 7.44 5.03; the median was 5.5; and the average duration of the addiction was 4.66 2.94 years. It was found 58.8% of mild smokers and 41.2% of severe smokers. By the application of FTQ, it was verified that 61.8% presented very low nicotinic dependence; 14.7% presented low dependence; 8.8% presented medium dependence and 5.9% presented high dependence. Friends were those who exerted the highest influence over the smoking addiction among young people: 82.8% of the smokers mentioned having been influenced by friends. An association between the parents being aware of their children tobaccoism and their being severe smokers was found (p = 0.041). The tobaccoism was associated to the young people (p = 0.001) and their families (p = 0.003) highest income, and to the mothers higher educational level (p = 0.003). The quantity of alcoholic drinks ingested in one day of consumption was statistically higher among smokers (p <0.001). The number of cigarettes smoked per day was correlated to the consumption of alcoholic drinks in milliliters in one day and per week (r = 0.343; p = 0.047 and r = 0.430; p = 0.011). In relation to the level of physical activity, only one smoker was sedentary (3.4%), 69% were active 27.6% were very active. In the group of non smokers, it was found 44.8% of active people and 55.2% very active. When referring to alimentary ingestion, statistically significant differences were not found within energetic ingestion without accounting the energy deriving from the alcohol, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, cholesterol, total tocopherol, ascorbic acid and fibers consumption between smokers and non smokers (p = 0.830; p = 0.343; p = 0.426; p = 0.716; p = 0.489; p = 795; p = 0.751; p = 0.533, respectively). However, according to the alimentary frequency questionnaire, smokers consumed greasy food, soft drinks and coffee more frequently than non smokers; the same was observed for severe smokers in relation to mild smokers. Non smokers consumed fruits and lower fat percentage foods, as lean cheese, more frequently than smokers. The analysis of anthropometric parameters and body composition enhanced the body fat bad distribution with accumulation into the abdominal region among smokers. IMC, waist circumference, and RCQ were statistically higher for smoking subjects (p = 0.036; p = 0.006; p = 0.001, respectively). In male subjects, weight, IMC, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist / hip relation and peripheral fat were found to be statistically higher among smokers (p = 0.015; p = 0.011; p = 0.03; p = 0.045; p <0.01 and p = 0.006, respectively). It was observed that weight, waist / hip relation, and central / peripheral fat relation were correlated to the number of cigarettes smoked per day (r = 0.339 and p = 0.049; r = 0.404 and p = 0.017; r = 456 and p = 0.006, respectively). The duration that each individual had smoked, in years, was correlated only to IMC (r = 0.405 and p = 0.017). Anthropometric and body composition characteristics of smokers were independent of the subject being a mild or severe smoker. The consumption of alcoholic drinks by smokers was correlated to central / peripheral fat relation (r = 0.390 and p = 0.022). No statistically significant differences were found within serum concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, CT / HDL, LDL / HDL among young smokers and non smokers (p = 0.486; p = 0.560; p = 0.636; p = 0.482; p = 0.933 and p = 0.861, respectively). Serum lipid levels did not correlate to anthropometric parameters or ingestion of nutrients. Female smokers presented correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and triglycerides (r = 0.824 and p = 0.0001, respectively), as well as between the duration that they had been smoking, in years, and total cholesterol (r = 0.523 and p = 0.031). Severe smokers showed higher triglycerides serum level than mild smokers (p = 0.005). All individuals, smokers and non smokers, presented adequate vitamins E and C plasmatic levels. Smokers presented lower vitamins E and C average concentration than those for non smokers (p = 0.002 and p =<0.001, respectively); malondialdehydes plasmatic concentration did not differ between the groups (p = 0.824). In the young smokers studied, organic alterations that can be due to effects of tobaccoism and presence of health risky behavior were observed. It would be ideal for these young people to quit smoking and as smokers, to be aware of the importance of maintenance of healthy habits for the prevention and fighting against curses caused by smoking, which may along the life time result in several types of chronic diseases.

ASSUNTO(S)

nutrition nutrição fumantes antioxidantes estresse oxidativo analise nutricional de populacao smokers antioxidants

ACESSO AO ARTIGO

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