Sewage sludge application in cane-plant as nitrogen and phosphorus source and its environmental effects / Aplicação de lodo de esgoto em cana-planta como fonte de nitrogênio e fósforo e seu impacto ambiental

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2009

RESUMO

The potential agricultural use of the sewage sludge is due to their organic matter and nutrients contents, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, the most important constituint. However, there is a lack of research to adequate the nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer doses to be applied in agricultural fields treated with this residue. Despite the evident benefits of the agricultural use of the sludge in the sugarcane crop, potential toxic elements (Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Th, Tl, U, V and Zn) can be in the sewage sludge and contaminate the environment and the food chain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of sewage sludge and mineral sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in the chemical proprieties, productivity and technological characteristics, nutritional state and potential toxic elements, as direct effect, in cane-plant and, as residual effect, in the first cane-ratoon. The field study was initiated in September 2005, in a commercial production area planted with cane-plant (municipality of Capivari, São Paulo State, Brazil). Four doses of sewage sludge (0, 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 t ha-1, dry base), of nitrogen (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) and of P2O5 (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), corresponding to 0, 33, 66 and 100 % of N and P recommended to crop (N doses from sludge was calculated based in N-available), were applied in randomized block design, in factorial design, with two replications. To evaluate the residual effect of the sludge, after the harvest of cane-plant, 120 kg ha-1 of N and 140 kg ha-1 of K2O were applied in all the parcels. The cane-plant cane was harvested on September 2006 and the cane-ratoon was harvested on October 2007. The nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer only modified the productivity and N and P contents in the soil and plants. In some cases, there were sludge effects. The sludge application in the cane planting combined with or without nitrogen and/or phosphate fertilizer, increased the stalk yield from 84 up to 122 t ha-1, with no alteration on the technological quality of the sugarcane, when compared with the application of NPK fertilizer alone, which stalk yield was 91 t ha-1. It was observed an increment of the C-organic content up to 0-0.2 m depth. The period of the sludge in the soil was more than 360 days. The P contents in soil increased with the application of both, sludge and the phosphorus fertilizer, changing from the very low to middle class. The sludge resulted in an increase of the N concentration, in three times the Cd background and 76% of Zn background in the soil, increasing their plant contents (leaf, stalk and juice). The sludges doses increased the Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, V and Zn in soil and cane-plant as direct effect and the Ag, Cd, Hg and Zn content in soil and cane-ratoon as residual effect. The agricultural use of sewage sludge in cane-plant crop, following the criteria (Resolução CONAMA n 375), resultes: as direct effect in cane-plant, improve the soil fertility due to the increase of C-organic content and N and P supplied; reduce the use of N and P mineral fertilizer in 100% and 30%, respectively; increment the stalk and sugar yield, without modifying the technologic quality; and as residual effect, the increment the stalk yield in 12% and sugar yield in 11%; in cane-ratoon; and no contamination of sugarcane environment, soil and plant, by Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Th, Tl, U, V, e Zn

ASSUNTO(S)

fertilidade do solo mineral nutrition of plants nutrição mineral de plantas saccharum spp saccharum spp metais pesados heavy metals soil fertility

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