Longevidade foliar, compostos fenolicos e nitrogenados em arvores e lianas de um fragmento de Cerrado na Estação Experimental de Itirapína, São Paulo / Leaf life span, nitrogenous and phenolic compunds in trees and lianas from a Cerrado fragment in the Itirapina experimental station in São Paulo

Leonardo Gonçalves Noleto

Trees and lianas present different strategies for allocating resources during the phonological cycle. Whereas Lianas are important floristic components and account for a significant number of rainforest species, few studies have been conducted in the Cerrado (a savanna like vegetation) biome. The duration of the leaf life span in different species reflects both its adaptation to the habitat, and the concentrations of certain organic nitrogen-containing compounds, which are influenced by environmental factors and are related to vegetative growth. Nitrogen is one of the most limiting mineral elements in plants, and its conservation depends on its availability in the environment. Nitrogen resorption is measured by nitrogen resorption efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and by nitrogen resorption proficiency. The low availability of nitrogen in the soil is a determining factor for its conservation, but many plant species preserve this nutrient with leaves that present a long life span. Although the lianas and trees from this research work share the same environment, it is assumed that the parameters related to nitrogen conservation are lower in the lianas when compared to those of the woody species, as some authors have verified that lianas present a more efficient vascular and root system than that of trees, which might provide them with a more efficient absorption of mineral nutrients. Moreover, lianas frequently occur in disturbed forest areas where trees are torn down, and there is an abundance of light and litterfall (a N source available on the soil). Larger concentrations of phenolic compounds are normally found in species whose leaves present a long life span. Such compounds protect these species against herbivores and pathogens. The concentration of these compounds is influenced by the carbon-nitrogen balance in plant tissues, as well as by climatic factors. The hypothesis that guides this research work is the existence of different physiological strategies presented by both trees and lianas regarding nitrogen conservation mechanisms, investment in vegetative structure (leaf life span, leaf life ratio, and basal diameter of the stem), and concentrations of phenolic and nitrogencontaining compounds. This research work aimed at: 1- Relating nitrogen conservation mechanisms to biometric measurements (leaf life span, leaf life ratio, and basal diameter of the stem at 30 cm high), and to the leaf concentration of phenolic and organic nitrogen-containing compounds in tree and liana species; 2- Establish differences between trees and lianas regarding the aforementioned aspects, and; 3- Investigate the effect of seasonal changes on the concentrations of phenolic and organic nitrogen-containing compounds in the leaves of both kinds of plants. This research work was conducted in two different seasons (dry and rainy) in a fraction of a dense cerrado area known as Valério, at the Itirapina Experimental Station, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The researched species presented a negative correlation between the basal diameter of the stems and the leaf mass area. Comparison of the basal diameters of both lianas and trees showed that lianas have thinner stems and a lower leaf mass area, indicating a more efficient vascular and root system than that of trees, or different strategies for distribution of organic compounds in both kinds of plants, or a higher synthesis of structural carbon compounds in the tree species, which could explain the greater concentration of nitrogen-containing compounds in liana leaves. Lianas presented lower performance in nitrogen conservation. Such a performance may be related to the greater concentration of nitrogen in mature liana leaves. Comparison of the two analyzed seasons shows that in the rainy season there was an increase in the concentration of nitrogenous compounds, as well as an increase in the contents of phenolic compounds. Since the rainy season is also the hottest in the research area, the combination of larger availability of water and higher temperatures may have caused an increase in the absorption and transportation system of nitrate in the plants, which reflected in a greater concentration of amino acids. There may have been a sufficient increase in the concentration of precursor amino acids to sustain the increase in protein and phenol synthesis during this period. The increase in the concentration of condensed tannins in the dry season may be related to the effects of the daily temperature range on the metabolism of these compounds, or to the increase in herbivory during the dry season

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