Glicogenio cardiaco em diabetes experimental : efeitos do tratamento com metformina e/ou glibenclamida sobre as funções cardiacas em coração isolado / Cardic glycogen in experimental diabetes: effects of the treatment with metformin and/or glibenclamide on cardic function of isolated heart

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2005

RESUMO

Metformin and glibenclamide are pharmacos used to decrease blood glucose on type 2 diabetics. Metformin decreases gastrointestinal absorption of glucose and gluconeogenesis and increases peripheric glucose uptake. Glibenclamide increases insulin secretion by blocking K+ channels. Besides these effects, metformin and glibenclamide may influence cardiovascular system, which accelerate the progression of vascular disease, predisposing heart to failure or infarct. These abnormalities associated to physiological changes may generate an abnormal ECG, with an increased QT interval and its correspondent dispersion (QTd). These changes could be associated to a lower threshold for malignant ventricular arrhythmias and a sudden death by ischemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metformin and/or glibenclamide treatment on QT intervals and its derivatives: QTc, QTd, and QTcd. We also evaluated the pressure developed by left ventricle (LVP) and calculate the correspondents derivatives (DP/Dt+ and DP/Dt-) on heart isolated from diabetic rats, under ischemia caused by norepinephrine (NE). Glycogen was measured after ischemia and compared to control heart, non-submitted to NE. We also analyzed the histological changes in ventricle cells. Methods: Male Wistar diabetic rats were treated by metformin (3.5, 30 and 74 ?g.g-1 b.w) or glibenclamide (0.13 ?g.g-1 b.w) and its association to metformin (0.13 ?g.g-1 b.w + 3.5 ?g.g-1 b.w) during 30 days. A 6-lead ECG was recorded initially and after 15 and 30 days treatment. At the end, under anaesthesia, heart were isolated and perfused by Krebs-Henseleit solution in a Langendorff apparatus. Ischemia were induced by adding norepinephrine 10-6 M to the solution (2 ml.min-1.g) during 1 h. Glycogen (mg.100 mg-1 wet tissue) was measured on heart at rest or after perfusion, using the fenol sulfuric method. In another group, after anaesthesia hearts were removed, cleaned and fixed in phormoldheyde in PBS buffer. Thin ventricle sections were made and after paraffin embedding, fine slices were cut and stained with hematoxilin eosin (HE). Ventricle glycogen assay was performed on those slides using the acid Schiff process. The number of nuclei was counted out and nuclei area was measured (mm2). Glycogen granules were recognized the violet colored cytoplasm. Results: After 15 and 30 days, glycemia, QT interval and its derivates increased on diabetic rats. On the other hand, diabetic rats treated during 30 days by low and intermediate doses of metformin (3.5 and 30 ?g.g-1 b.w.) or glibenclamide or glibenclamide plus metformin, all decreased glycemia. However, the group treated with the highest dose of metformin (74 ?g.g-1 b.w) failed to reduce glycemia. On the other hand, the groups treated by low and intermediate doses reduced the ECG intervals: QTc, and QTd, and QTcd, in contrast to the diabetic group treated with the highest metformin dose and the groups treated by glibenclamide and glibenclamide associated to metformin. Metformin, in low and high doses (3.5, 30 and 74 mg.g-1 b.w.) increased glycogen storage on diabetic rat ventricle, from 0.19 ± 0.007 (control group) to 0.38 ± 0.007 mg.100 mg-1, 0.5 ± 0.05 mg.100 mg-1 and 0.7 ± 0.04 mg.100 mg-1, p<0.05, respectively. The treatment with glibenclamide alone or associated to metformin increased glycogen, too. In the control group, isolate hearts showed a rapid increase on ventricular pressure, just initiation of NE perfusion (145 ± 9.7 mmHg), followed by a slow fall to 99 ± 3 mmHg. Similar changes was found on the derivates DP/Dt+ and DP/Dt-. Metformin (3.5 and 30 mg.g-1), glibenclamide and glibenclamide associated to metformin protected cardiac muscle during ischemia, similarly to the control group (p>0.05). But, the non-treated diabetic group and the group treated by 74 mg.g-1 of metformin, produced a maximal pressure which were inferior to the control group and the reversion of the LVP, DP/Dt+ and DP/Dt- was faster than that of the control group. After ischemia, glycogen was reduced on all groups to 0.09 ± 0.007 mg.100 mg-1 on control group; 0.1 ± 0.006 mg.100 mg-1 on diabetic group and 0.06 ± 0.005 mg.100 mg-1 on DM74. However, this decrease was inferior to that of the group treated by the highest dose. The treatment with glibenclamide alone and associated to metformin diminished glycogen storage from 0.62 ± 0.05 mg.100 mg-1 to 0.19 ± 0.05 mg.100 mg-1 and 0.74 ± 0.03 mg.100 mg-1 to 0.22 ± 0.008 mg.100 mg-1. However its utilization was proportional for all groups. Heart submitted to ischemia decreases its reserve, (p<0.05 compared to non-ischaemic). These results suggested that high doses metformin, in special 74 mg.g-1 b.w., indicated as maximal for humans, makes heart prompt to ischemia. Diabetic rat hearts showed an increase on the amount of nuclei, from 21.33 ± 1.17 to 36.6 ± 5 (p<0.05) and a reduction of its area, from 0.16 ± 0.02 mm2 to 0.08 ± 0.01 mm2 (p<0.05) in comparison to the control group. The lowest dose of metformin (DM 3.5) diminished the amount of nuclei (36.6 ± 5 vs 22.8 ± 2; p<0.05) and increased theirs size (0.08 ± 0.01 vs 0.17± 0.01). The amount of nuclei increased to 34.16 ± 1.85 and 47.29 ± 2.92 during the treatment with high metformin doses, (30 and 74 mg.g-1 b.w., respectively), and the nuclei area increased to 0.86 ± 0.05 mm2 and 0.5 ± 0.06 mm2, respectively, differing from control and non-treated diabetic groups. Similar result, was obtained on the group treated by glibenclamide and/or metformin, on cardiac cells, which the nuclei area increased to 0.71 ± 0.09 mm2 and 0.67 ± 0.01 mm2, respectively, (p<0.001). Conclusions: The increased dispersion of QT intervals during treatment may be subjacent to the risks of arrhythmias that predispose humans to sudden death. Results shown on Langendorff methodology indicate that contraction force decreased, suggesting that ventricle muscle were prone to ischemia. Then, high metformin doses (74 mg.g-1), as indicated for humans, may cause damage to cardiac work during overload. High metformin doses, glibenclamide and glibenclamide associated to metformin increase the number of nuclei, as well, theirs size. Consequently, the ventricle hypertrophy due to an increased cellular activity may cause important injuries to cardiac structure and function. We can conclude that, the increased glycogen content on ventricle was associated to the severity and the duration of diabetes. Then, heart became more susceptible to the ischemia effects.

ASSUNTO(S)

heart metformin coração metformina metabolism diabetes diabetes glibenclamida glibenclamide metabolismo

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