Evaluation of the ultrastructure and of the movement of cilia in children with chronic and repetition pneumopathies without a defined diagnosis / Avaliação da ultraestrutura e do movimento ciliar em crianças com pneumopatias crônicas e de repetição se diagnóstico definido

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2010

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disorder of the ultrastructure and function of mobile cilia, with consequent impairment of mucociliary clearance, leading to upper and lower airways respiratory infection and infertility. The diagnosis, based on ultrastructure evaluation or genetic scan, is performed according to patient selection and screening tests. This research evaluates cilia ultrastructure and beat frequency, proposes a model for investigating primary ciliary dyskinesia, and characterizes the patients diagnosed.METHOD: A controlled and observational study was carried out at the Pediatric Pulmonology Ambulatory of the Instituto da Criança between January 2007 and July 2009. Twenty eight children and teenagers (ages between 6 months and 19 years) were selected, from a population of 75 patients with chronic and repetition pneumopathies without a defined diagnosis, which met at least one of the following inclusion criteria: bronchiectasis of unknown cause, upper respiratory disease with chronic symptoms, repetition pulmonary infections, dextrocardia and/or situs inversus with symptoms in upper and/or lower respiratory airways, and asthma of difficult control with symptoms in upper and/or lower respiratory airways. The presence of cronic pneumopathies with a defined diagnosis was used as exclusion criterion, based on the following exams: two sweat tests (cystic fibrosis exclusion), lung CT scan (bronchiolitis obliterans exclusion), seric levels of alpha-1 anti-trypsin (alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficit evaluation), and evaluation of more frequent immunodeficiency disorders (white blood cells, T and B lymphocytes levels, and sorology tests for humoral immunity, PPD and HIV). A cilia beat frequency measurement system was developed, based on spectral analysis. Ten healthy adult volunteers (ages greater than or equal to 17 years old, of both sexes), without an acute respiratory disease in the last month, and non-smoking, formed the control group for the cilia beat frequency measurements. Cilia samples were collected employing nasal brushing. The sample was divided for cilia ultrastructure evaluation and for cilia beat frequency measurement. Diagnosed patients were sent to lung and sinuses CT scan (>5 years), pulmonary function tests and ear, nose and throat evaluation. RESULTS: For the 28 patients selected a nasal brushing was performed. For 24 of the 28 patients it was possible to make films suitable for evaluation. The average cilia beat frequency of the defective ultrastructure group (primary ciliary dyskinesia group) was different from the average frequency of the normal ultrastructure group (p<0.001) and from the control group (p<0.001). The average cilia beat frequency of the normal ultrastructure group was different from the average frequency of the control group (p<0.005). Twelve patients were diagnosed with primary ciliary dyskinesia: two with absence of outer dynein arm, one with a shortened outer dynein arm, five with radial spoke and inner dynein arm, three with absence of central par and transposition, and one with a normal ultrastructure (Kartagener). The patients, seven men and five women, were mostly white (11 patients 91.6%) and had parents who were relatives (eight patients 66.6%). Seven of the twelve patients (58.3%) had Situs inversus. Seven of the ten patients (70%) for whom pulmonary function tests were performed presented a ventilatory obstructive pattern. Radiological findings: Ten patients (83.3%) presented signs of consolidation or collapse, eleven patients (91.6%) had bronchiectasis, and 12 (100%) presented some degree of bronchial wall thickening. Otorhinolaryngologycal evaluation indicated impairments in 6 patients (50%): polips in three patients (25%), effusion otitis in two (16.6%), sept problems in two (16.6%) and timpanus sclerosis in one (8,3%). CONCLUSION: The nasal brushing technique was standardized for the collection of cilia. Uniform criteria for the analysis of ultrastructural cilia defects were established, based on international experience. A new method of cilia beat frequency measurement was developed, based on spectral analysis and high speed video images. Patients diagnosed with primary ciliary dyskinesia were characterized. The majority was white, had parents who were also relatives, had a prevalence of radial spoke and inner dynein arm defects, situs inversus, and ventilatory obstructive pattern. Otorhinolaryngologycal problems were found in 50% of the patients.

ASSUNTO(S)

cilia cílios síndrome de kartegener/diagnóstico kartagener syndrome/pathology kartagener syndrome/diagnosis síndrome de kartegener/patologia

ACESSO AO ARTIGO

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