Emissões de CO2, NOx e N2O em solos sob diferentes cultivos na região do cerrado / CO2, NOx and N2O emissions from soils to the atmosphere under differente cropping systems in the cerrado region

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2008

RESUMO

The objective of the study was to evaluate the CO2, NO, N2O emissions from Oxisols (Latossolos) under different no-till cropping systems in the Cerrado region (Central Brazil). The results are presented in three chapters. Chapter 1 presents a study on the effects of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer on the fluxes of trace gases along the crop cycle of non-irrigated maize (Nov.2004 to Apr.2005). The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Rio Verde (Federal State of Goiás) (DoisJ1 Farm) in randomized blocks with three repetitions. Two levels of nitrogen were tested (70 and 120 kg N ha-1) comparing rows and between rows. Control treatment consisted of no addition of N fertilizer. The broadcasting fertilization with 50 kg N ha-1 (as urea) (treatment N1) increased the NO-N fluxes in the rows (12.5 9.4 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1) and between the rows (3.2 1.7 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1) compared to control treatment (0.5 0.2 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1). The broadcasting fertilization with 100 kg N ha-1 (as urea) (treatment N2) increased the NO-N fluxes in the rows (7.7 4.3 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1) and between the rows (4.4 2.1 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1) compared to control treatment (0.4 0.3 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1). N2O-N fluxes in the rows were increased after the N1 and N2 application and ranged from 0.9 to 4.4 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1 against -1.7 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1. in the control treatment. N oxides fluxes did not differ significantly between N1 and N2, and rows and between the rows. Availability of NH4 +-N explained NO-N fluxes in N1 and N2 treatment, in the rows and between the rows. Fluxes of CO2C fluxes were not influenced by N fertilization but responded positively to increasing soil humidity. Chapter 2 presents a study comparing three cropping systems in commercial plantations: 1. maize-Brachiaria-irrigated bean rotation (Aug.2003 to Feb.2004), 2. soybean monoculture followed by natural fallow (Apr.2004 to Nov.2003), 3. Non irrigated cotton after Brachiaria ruzizienses (Aug.2005 to Nov.2004). The commercial plantations are located in the municipality of Cristalina (Federal State of Goiás, Brazil) (Dom Bosco Farm for systems 1 and 2, and Pamplona Farm for the system 3). One plot (10 x 15 m) was established in each cropping system for measurements of NO-N, N2O-N and CO2-C fluxes, air and soil temperature, inorganic-N availability, microbial biomass and soil water-filled pore space along crop cultivation periods. Additionally, three soil trenches from 0-30 cm depth were opened to determine the C and N soil stocks. In the summer crops, the fertilization with N induced predominantly NO-N fluxes compared to N2O-N fluxes. During maize cultivation, the addition of 103.2 kg N ha-1 increased NO-N fluxes to 3.9 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1 and the addition of 18.4 kg N ha-1 to 8.8 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1. During cotton cultivation, the addition of 90 kg N ha-1 increased NO-N fluxes to 39.3 20.1 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1 (in the rows) and to 83.3 11.9 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1 (between the rows). During soybean cultivation, NO-N fluxes were similar to those from native cerrado area used for comparison. During cultivation of bean with irrigation (winter), N-fertilization increased both NO-N and N2O-N. After addition of 81.0 kg N ha-1, NON flux was 5.0 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1 and N2O-N was 2.3 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1 and after the subsequent addition of 2.4 kg N ha-1 fluxes were even higher (NO-N = 12.2 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1 and N2O-N = 10.6 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1). High N2O-N fluxes were measured during the senescence of irrigated bean (1.7 1.2 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1), soybean (3.8 1.2 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1) and cotton (1.6 2.7 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1). Fertilizer-induced emission factors (FEI) estimated in this study for NO-N were 0.1% (maize), 0.2% (irrigated beans) and 0.4% (cotton) while for N2O-N were 0.3% (maize), 0.2% (irrigated beans) and 0.2% (cotton). Comparing with an area under native cerrado vegetation, soil respiration was higher under cultivation of bean with irrigation (0.8 to 1.8 mmol CO2C m-2 s-1), lower under cotton cultivation (0.2 to 2.3 mmol CO2C m-2 s-1) and similar under soybean and maize cultivation (0.5 to 1.8 mmol CO2C m-2 s-1). Chapter 3 presents results regarding the pasture-crop integrated system (Nov.2003 to Apr.2005), located in the municipality of Cristalina, Goiás (Dom Bosco Farm). The pasture-crop integrated system is a sequence of the non irrigated bean cultivated under Panicum straw (Dez.2003 to mar.2004), sorghum-Panicum intercropping (Mar.2004 to Jun.2004), uncovered soil (Jul.2004 to Nov.2004) and pasture (Nov.2004 to Abr.2005). Comparing with an area under native cerrado vegetation, higher NO-N fluxes were measured after planting (8.9 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1), during the senescence of bean (5.7 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1), after sorghum fertilization (8.6 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1) and under growing Brachiaria (8.2 7.1 NO-N ng cm-2 h-1). During Brachiaria cultivation higher N2O-N fluxes (14.1 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1) were also measured. Higher CO2-C fluxes were measured after sorghum fertilization (1.6 mmol CO2C m-2 s-1) and again during Brachiaria cultivation (2,8 mmol CO2C m-2). Estimated losses of C stocks were 0.6 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 after 31 years under soybean monoculture followed by natural fallow and 0.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 after 10 years under maize-Brachiaria-irrigated bean rotation. There no differences in soil C and N stocks between the area under native cerrado vegetation and after 27 years of cotton cultivated under Brachiaria straw and after 8 of pasture-crop integrated that was implemented after soybean under conventional system (10 years) and pasture (13 years). Rotation systems, as pasture-crop integrated system, are good options to recover degraded agricultural soils and to improved environmental sustainability in agricultural areas already established. However, there is a need to adopt practices that improve the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization and use of N by different crops to reduce N losses via NO and N2O emissions to the atmosphere. Although FEI from NO and N2O estimated in this study are lower than those established by the IPCC, emissions from cultivated areas compared to areas under native Cerrado vegetation can be of relevance when territorial extension dedicated to agricultural production in Cerrado is considered.

ASSUNTO(S)

cropping systems land use changes no e n2o estoques de c e n ecologia c and n stocks emissão de co2 sistemas de cultivo savanna cerrado pasture-crop rotation integração lavoura-pecuária uso da terra soil emissions

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