Diversidade genética e fluxo gênico via pólen e semente em populações de Solanum lycocarpum ST.HIL. (Solanaceae) no sudeste de Goiás / Genetic diversity and gene flow by pollen and seed in populations of Solanum Lycocarpum St.Hil. (Solanaceae) in the southeast of the state of Goiás

AUTOR(ES)
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2005

RESUMO

Solanum lycocarpum St.Hil. (Solanaceae) is a woody plant that is found in the Brazilian Cerrados (savanna fields) in Central Brazil. It is heliophile, and it features open secondary formations. Its popularly known as wolfs fruit. The meat of its fruit is used in the production of a phytomedicine, the wolfs fruit powder, which is traded in the form of capsules, being widely used for the control of diabetes, obesity and cholesterol levels. The species is andromonoecious, with constant production of hermaphrodite and functionally male flowers. The pollination syndrome is vibratille, and Xylocopa bees pollinate flowers. Various animals in the Cerrado consume the fleshy fruits. The main seed dispersers are the maned wolf, the bush dog, the crab-eating-fox, the tapir, and the sauba ant. The main mating features of S. lycocarpum as well as its pollinators and seed dispersing agents were used as a basis for this study. Thus, this enquiry aimed at studying the relative contribution of migration mediated by pollen and by seeds in the total gene flow and in the genetic structure of four natural populations of Solanum lycocarpum located in the Southeast region of Goiás State. The pollen to seed flow rate in the total gene flow was estimated by means of comparative analysis of nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers. The mating system and genotype spatial distribution in the populations were also studied. We also focused on evaluating the genetic diversity in plants located on the dirt roadside that interlinks three of the populations as a means of inferring about the origin of the seeds that colonized the environment. The 294 individuals sampled were studied with six nuclear microsatellite loci and six chloroplast microsatellite loci. The nuclear loci ( He =0,330±0,013) showed smaller gene diversity than chloroplast loci (h = 0,947±0,012). The estimation of the average number of haplotypes per population ( nh =28,4±2,67) indicated that both natural and roadside populations were founded by a great number of seeds of various origins. Genotypesspatial structure at distance of up 50m was detected in two of the populations, resulting from spatially restricted seed dispersion. The genetic differentiation between populations estimated with chloroplast markers ( ϑpC=0,042) were slightly smaller than that obtained with nuclear markers ( ϑp=0,054). Gene flow ratio (mp/ms ) for the set of populations was 1.22, showing that gene flow rates by pollen and seed are practically similar in the scale of this study. The roadside was colonized by seeds from adjacent natural populations, and the average seed dispersion distance was about 20 Km. S. lycocarpum is predominantly alogamic. Biparental inbreeding was not common and the number of pollen donors in the crossings was above ten. Considering only the area comprised in this study, it is necessary to preserve 54 populations to retain Ne=500. When sampling seeds for ex situ conservation, the same number of seeds must be collected from 150 to 200 mother-trees to retain Ne=500. The mother-trees must be more than 50m away from each other

ASSUNTO(S)

reprodução vegetal diversidade genética genetic diversity fruta-de-lobo cerrado dispersão de sementes molecular marker wolfs fruit solanaceae marcador molecular solanaceae plant production seed dispersion cerrado

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