Associação entre distúrbios respiratórios do sono e pré-eclâmpsia
AUTOR(ES)
Sergio Henrique Mattioda de Lima
DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO
2006
RESUMO
Introduction: this study is based on the severity of the risks that preeclampsia presents to pregnancy and because of that, in the preoccupation in the cause and effect relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with hypertension and preeclampsia. Objectives: To review the scientific literature about the association between OSA and preeclampsia, and offer theoretical basis about the subject aiming to contribute to reconsider or redirect the handling of preeclampsia through non invasive respiratory support procedures which are not conventional in the obstetrical routines for treating preeclampsia. Methods: The present article is a systematic review of the worldwide literature of the last ten years, extracted from different scientific database, such as Medline, Pubmed, Lilacs, among others, of studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese, using as key words preeclampsia, hypertensive disturbances (specific) of pregnancy, hypertension in pregnancy, obstructive sleep disturbances, sleep apnea, snore, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, breathing disturbances and hypertension. A total of 187 publications were found only about OSA, only about preeclampsia, which were the great majority, and a much smaller number about the relationship between OSA and preeclampsia. After selected, the studies were used for making the composition of the texts about OSA and Preeclampsia, and a smaller number, (from the ones about the relationship between these two diseases), for the composition over the association of the two diseases. From this small third group of studies, only 14 were selected for having better external representativity and greater methodological accuracy, from where we could gather up data and elements necessary to clarify our suspicion. Special care was given to the selection of the publications with adequate methodology, being disposed those that did not consider confounding factors such as age, sex, obesity, smoking habits, that are risk factors for hypertension and OSA and could be altering, as bias, the incidence of hypertension in this groups of patients, that is to say, those that did not fulfilled the basic criteria for methodological eligibility of inclusion and exclusion. Results: preeclampsia occurs in 6 to 8% of pregnancies and plays important clinical role due to its possible severe maternal and fetal repercussions. OSA occurs between 2% to 5% of general population. Pregnancy predisposes women to a greater incidence of OSA due to the alterations caused by pregnancy and preeclampsia increases still more this predisposition because of the retention of electrolytes and edema in the tissues. Conclusion: there is a known correlation between OSA and systemic blood hypertension and there is a documented applicability of the use of nasal continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) for the treatment of OSA. We could observe a significant association between OSA and the development or intensification of preeclampsia in the studied women, and the observation of the frequent use of nasal CPAP during the night as auxiliary in the treatment of preeclampsia, aiming to improve the maternal blood levels, minimizing the complications of hypertension and to offer better fetal indications for the delivery, as there are no known obstetric contra-indications for its use in pregnancy.
ASSUNTO(S)
hipertensão arterial sistêmica -has distúrbios obstrutivos do sono-saos medicina pre-eclâmpsia
